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Home Heating Fuel by State: How US Homes Heat, and Where Electricity Took Over (2010 to 2025)

Census survey data for all 50 states and DC, with margins of error, the change since 2010 and the fuel that heats the homes added since then.

By the HVAC Business Brokers Research Desk · Published 2026-11-02 · Data and tables licensed CC BY 4.0

Primary data
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, table B25040 House Heating Fuel
Data period
2010 to 2025 (2020 not released)
Latest release used
2026-10-29
Next release
2026 ACS 1-year estimates, expected in 2027 (date not yet posted by Census)
Geography
United States, 50 states and the District of Columbia
Sources
22 (22 Tier 1)
79.3%Electricity is the main heating fuel in 79.3% of the net new occupied US homes counted between 2010 and 2025, 15.5 million of 19.5 million (our calculation from ACS 1-year table B25040).[1][8]
46.9% vs 41.8%Utility gas was the main heating fuel in 46.9% of occupied US homes in 2025 and electricity in 41.8% (ACS 2025 1-year).[1]
+0.95 ppGas gained 0.95 percentage points of US homes from 2023 to 2025 while the electric share moved +0.07 points, a change within the margin of error (ACS 1-year).[1][3]
50.0%Maine heats 50.0% of its occupied homes mainly with fuel oil, the highest share of any state in 2025, down from 70.4% in 2010 (ACS).[1][8]
Short answer

Utility gas heated 46.9% of occupied US homes and electricity 41.8% in 2025, according to Census Bureau American Community Survey estimates released October 29, 2026. Home heating fuel by state splits sharply: electricity leads in 16 states plus DC, gas in 30, oil in 3. Since 2010, electricity rose from 35.4% and heats 79.3% of net new homes.

This month in brief

  • In 2025, 62.9 million occupied US homes heated mainly with utility gas (46.9%) and 56.0 million with electricity (41.8%), per ACS 2025 1-year estimates.
  • From 2010 to 2025 the count of occupied US homes rose by 19.5 million; electric-heated homes rose by 15.5 million, equal to 79.3% of that growth.
  • Gas-heated homes still grew by 6.2 million over the same years, and rose in 47 of 51 jurisdictions, so the shift is a share story more than a loss of gas customers.
  • Fuel-oil-heated homes fell from 7.4 million to 4.5 million (-38.7%), and New York alone accounted for 34.3% of that decline.
  • The US electric share has been flat since 2023 (41.7% to 41.8%), while the gas share rose 0.95 points; Census warns that 2024 controls and a 2025 collection lapse affect year-to-year reads.
  • Since 2019 the electric share fell significantly in four fast-growing states: Florida, Texas, South Carolina and Nevada.
  • Northern New England still runs on delivered fuels: fuel oil plus propane heat 65.4% of homes in Maine, 58.1% in New Hampshire and 57.0% in Vermont.

Home heating fuel by state in 2025: gas leads in 30 states, electricity in 16 plus DC

The map splits along a climate and pipeline line. Electricity is the leading fuel across the Southeast, Texas, Arizona and the Pacific Northwest; utility gas leads from California through the Mountain West and Midwest to New Jersey; fuel oil still leads in Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont (ACS 2025 1-year, table B25040).

Share of occupied homes heated mainly with electricity, 2025

Percent of occupied housing units, by state

Share of occupied homes heated mainly with electricity, 2025US tile map of electric heat share in 2025. Florida is highest at 89.4%, then South Carolina 69.6% and Alabama 67.5%. Vermont is lowest at 11.0%, with Michigan 12.1% and New Hampshire 12.3%.AK: 15.4AK15.4ME: 13.4ME13.4VT: 11.0VT11.0NH: 12.3NH12.3WA: 60.6WA60.6ID: 36.7ID36.7MT: 26.9MT26.9ND: 39.1ND39.1MN: 18.8MN18.8IL: 18.5IL18.5WI: 18.6WI18.6MI: 12.1MI12.1NY: 17.6NY17.6RI: 13.8RI13.8MA: 21.1MA21.1OR: 55.0OR55.0NV: 33.1NV33.1WY: 23.9WY23.9SD: 33.0SD33.0IA: 24.5IA24.5IN: 31.4IN31.4OH: 26.2OH26.2PA: 26.7PA26.7NJ: 16.2NJ16.2CT: 20.1CT20.1CA: 30.2CA30.2UT: 17.2UT17.2CO: 24.6CO24.6NE: 31.8NE31.8MO: 39.6MO39.6KY: 55.2KY55.2WV: 48.4WV48.4VA: 57.7VA57.7MD: 44.1MD44.1DE: 38.2DE38.2AZ: 60.8AZ60.8NM: 24.3NM24.3KS: 27.4KS27.4AR: 52.9AR52.9TN: 63.2TN63.2NC: 66.1NC66.1SC: 69.6SC69.6DC: 51.5DC51.5OK: 41.0OK41.0LA: 63.4LA63.4MS: 57.0MS57.0AL: 67.5AL67.5GA: 57.3GA57.3HI: 42.7HI42.7TX: 59.9TX59.9FL: 89.4FL89.4PR11.0 to 17.617.6 to 24.624.6 to 33.033.0 to 48.448.4 to 59.959.9 to 89.4% electric

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 2025 1-year, table B25040 (released October 29, 2026). HVAC Business Brokers Research Desk.

Florida heats 89.4% of its 9,326,796 occupied homes mainly with electricity, the highest share in the country. South Carolina (69.6%), Alabama (67.5%) and North Carolina (66.1%) follow (ACS 2025 1-year, table B25040).

At the other end, utility gas heats 78.5% of homes in Utah, 75.8% in Illinois, 75.4% in Michigan and 75.1% in New Jersey. Vermont has the smallest electric share, 11.0%, with a margin of error of 1.0 points.

Two jurisdictions are outliers. In Hawaii, 45.8% of homes report using no heating fuel at all, the largest category there. Maryland is close to a tie, 44.4% gas against 44.1% electric, a gap inside the margin of error.

Main home heating fuel by state, 2025 (share of occupied homes) Download CSV
Show all 52 rows
Rank (electric share)StateOccupied homes, 2025Utility gas %Electricity % (MOE)Propane %Fuel oil %Wood %No fuel %Most common fuel
1Florida9,326,7966.289.4 (+/- 0.2)0.90.20.12.6Electricity
2South Carolina2,296,35025.369.6 (+/- 0.7)3.20.30.50.8Electricity
3Alabama2,070,83526.367.5 (+/- 0.6)4.40.10.70.8Electricity
4North Carolina4,539,53125.166.1 (+/- 0.5)5.41.51.00.7Electricity
5Louisiana1,855,84733.263.4 (+/- 0.7)2.00.10.50.7Electricity
6Tennessee2,954,09631.363.2 (+/- 0.5)3.40.21.20.5Electricity
7Arizona3,040,93533.560.8 (+/- 0.5)2.20.11.50.9Electricity
8Washington3,180,12932.460.6 (+/- 0.5)2.50.92.50.6Electricity
9Texas11,607,27436.159.9 (+/- 0.3)2.70.10.20.7Electricity
10Virginia3,480,21932.857.7 (+/- 0.4)4.22.61.50.7Electricity
11Georgia4,269,85738.057.3 (+/- 0.5)3.50.10.40.6Electricity
12Mississippi1,197,31731.357.0 (+/- 0.9)10.10.00.90.6Electricity
13Kentucky1,885,58135.255.2 (+/- 0.7)6.10.71.90.4Electricity
14Oregon1,745,36136.655.0 (+/- 0.7)1.60.94.60.5Electricity
15Arkansas1,277,80537.452.9 (+/- 0.9)6.50.12.20.6Electricity
16District of Columbia333,19545.251.5 (+/- 1.9)0.60.40.01.3Electricity
17West Virginia747,80139.148.4 (+/- 1.0)5.31.84.30.3Electricity
18Maryland2,428,84344.444.1 (+/- 0.8)3.65.51.00.6Utility gas
19Hawaii500,8833.742.7 (+/- 1.3)2.90.00.345.8No fuel used
20Oklahoma1,616,17751.041.0 (+/- 0.6)5.80.21.30.3Utility gas
21Missouri2,604,61949.139.6 (+/- 0.5)8.30.12.10.4Utility gas
22North Dakota352,01343.139.1 (+/- 1.7)13.41.50.30.9Utility gas
23Delaware422,12342.038.2 (+/- 1.4)10.27.30.70.7Utility gas
24Idaho765,20051.336.7 (+/- 1.0)4.80.75.10.4Utility gas
25Nevada1,245,70361.433.1 (+/- 0.8)2.50.30.80.7Utility gas
26South Dakota387,58047.733.0 (+/- 1.6)15.31.10.90.9Utility gas
27Nebraska827,24958.831.8 (+/- 0.8)7.70.20.80.3Utility gas
28Indiana2,816,68658.931.4 (+/- 0.5)6.80.41.50.5Utility gas
29California13,898,62261.130.2 (+/- 0.3)2.80.21.23.0Utility gas
30Kansas1,205,63863.427.4 (+/- 0.8)7.60.20.90.2Utility gas
31Montana481,27551.526.9 (+/- 1.2)12.90.76.20.7Utility gas
32Pennsylvania5,405,58151.726.7 (+/- 0.4)5.212.52.00.5Utility gas
33Ohio4,957,87364.426.2 (+/- 0.4)5.61.41.40.5Utility gas
34Colorado2,483,14268.224.6 (+/- 0.6)4.40.11.30.4Utility gas
35Iowa1,355,50460.724.5 (+/- 0.7)11.80.41.10.7Utility gas
36New Mexico863,01061.924.3 (+/- 0.9)6.10.15.60.2Utility gas
37Wyoming256,60859.523.9 (+/- 1.8)10.30.34.70.3Utility gas
38Massachusetts2,827,79451.621.1 (+/- 0.5)4.320.31.00.5Utility gas
39Connecticut1,456,91536.220.1 (+/- 0.7)6.434.51.10.3Utility gas
40Minnesota2,391,87066.518.8 (+/- 0.5)10.51.01.50.8Utility gas
41Wisconsin2,567,58364.718.6 (+/- 0.5)11.71.12.60.6Utility gas
42Illinois5,134,28375.818.5 (+/- 0.4)3.90.10.40.7Utility gas
43New York7,867,61259.917.6 (+/- 0.3)4.713.81.21.3Utility gas
44Utah1,208,12478.517.2 (+/- 0.8)2.50.10.80.2Utility gas
45New Jersey3,565,00875.116.2 (+/- 0.5)1.75.40.30.7Utility gas
46Alaska278,92049.215.4 (+/- 1.3)2.526.74.30.9Utility gas
47Rhode Island450,46753.613.8 (+/- 1.2)4.525.81.10.5Utility gas
48Maine620,7599.513.4 (+/- 0.9)15.550.09.10.4Fuel oil
49New Hampshire574,08921.812.3 (+/- 0.9)21.936.25.60.6Fuel oil
50Michigan4,150,99075.412.1 (+/- 0.3)8.80.72.00.5Utility gas
51Vermont285,75017.811.0 (+/- 1.0)20.636.412.10.3Fuel oil
United States134,063,42246.941.8 (+/- 0.1)4.63.41.31.2Utility gas

Ranked by electricity share. Shares of occupied housing units by the fuel used most for heating. Electricity includes heat pumps and electric resistance heat. Margin of error is at 90% confidence. Hawaii's leading category is 'no fuel used'.

Source: [1] U.S. Census Bureau

For an HVAC company, the leading fuel in its state says which equipment fills most service calls: air handlers, heat pumps and electric strip heat in the electric-majority South, gas furnaces and boilers across the gas belt.

Electricity took 79.3% of the net new homes added since 2010

Share charts understate how one-sided the growth has been. Between 2010 and 2025 the US gained 19,496,003 occupied homes, and the count of electric-heated homes rose by 15,457,108 (ACS 2025 1-year, table B25040; ACS 2010 1-year).

Electric share of net new homes: Added electric-heated homes divided by the net change in all occupied homes in the same state, 2010 to 2025. It can exceed 100% when homes heated with other fuels decline, and it can be negative for gas when gas-heated homes fall.

Nationally, electricity's share of net new homes was 79.3% and gas's was 31.9%. The two add to more than 100% because fuel-oil homes fell by 2,857,616 and wood-heated homes by 635,034.

Electric share of net new homes, 2010 to 2025, in the 20 states that added the most homes

Added electric-heated homes as % of the net change in occupied homes

Electric share of net new homes, 2010 to 2025, in the 20 states that added the most homesBar chart of the 20 states with the most net new occupied homes. New York leads at 105.0%, North Carolina 99.7%, Florida 80.5%, Texas 68.3%, Colorado 49.9% and Utah lowest at 35.9%.% of net new homesNew York105Virginia102North Carolina99.7Pennsylvania95.1Washington94.8Ohio85.8Tennessee85.5Georgia84.6Massachusetts82.5Florida80.5California77.4Illinois75.6South Carolina72.9Arizona69.4Texas68.3Indiana64.9Michigan63.6New Jersey59.5Colorado49.9Utah35.9

Source: HVAC Business Brokers Research Desk calculation from U.S. Census Bureau ACS 1-year 2010 and 2025, table B25040.

Among the 20 states that added the most homes, the electric share of growth ranges from 105.0% in New York to 35.9% in Utah. Texas added 1,960,694 electric-heated homes and Florida 1,844,095, together 24.6% of the national gain.

In 13 states plus DC, electric-heated homes grew by more than all occupied homes. Alabama is an example: 255,683 net new homes, 316,086 more electric-heated homes and 15,981 fewer gas-heated homes, a gas decline inside the margin of error.

Gas-heated homes fell outright in only 4 jurisdictions (Alabama, the District of Columbia, Louisiana and West Virginia), and the drop is statistically significant only in DC and West Virginia. In the other 47, the number of gas-heated homes rose even where gas lost share.

Who got the new homes: electric and gas share of net new occupied homes by state, 2010 to 2025 Download CSV
Show all 52 rows
RankStateNet new occupied homes, 2010 to 2025Added electric-heated homesElectric share of net new homes %Change in gas-heated homesGas share of net new homes %Change in fuel-oil homes
1Hawaii55,07173,180132.99,41717.1-63
2Alabama255,683316,086123.6-15,981-6.3-1,555
3District of Columbia80,80796,296119.2-11,905-14.7-6,936
4Louisiana166,025178,507107.5-12,163-7.3484
5New York671,185704,673105.0753,298112.2-979,540
6Arkansas162,903170,623104.719,87612.2-832
7Missouri253,991264,916104.342,98516.9-3,332
8Kansas103,980107,792103.76200.61,296
9Kentucky201,233206,166102.57,4773.7-6,398
10Oklahoma183,218186,514101.824,92513.61,015
11Virginia487,487495,129101.6114,06223.4-117,322
12New Mexico97,82798,498100.713,42713.7134
13Mississippi117,318117,858100.527,27723.3-1,272
14North Carolina868,672866,15699.7223,57825.7-128,340
15Pennsylvania469,551446,58095.1264,37656.3-315,843
16Washington573,266543,25994.8105,80418.5-45,650
17Oregon238,224224,32594.262,59426.3-33,778
18Connecticut98,10689,77891.599,821101.7-147,731
19Ohio432,807371,36185.8115,08926.6-59,890
20Tennessee513,433439,16385.598,58819.2-8,391
21Iowa132,065111,96684.835,19126.6-4,484
22Georgia787,437665,78584.6183,28523.3-5,765
23Massachusetts307,375253,71582.5224,38673.0-236,980
24Florida2,291,7281,844,09580.5254,50111.1-4,448
25Maryland301,404238,79579.2130,70943.4-106,837
26California1,492,1471,154,45577.4196,70413.2-8,195
27Illinois381,426288,19975.672,17418.9-7,002
28Nebraska107,94581,21875.230,48728.2-3,985
29Maine75,34255,19573.336,14348.0-73,830
30South Carolina534,957390,00772.9166,38731.1-23,418
31Arizona706,885490,29669.4192,61227.2279
32Texas2,868,6101,960,69468.3872,20330.4-584
33Alaska24,31016,46367.715,37063.2-10,492
34Delaware93,35861,64766.045,35548.6-26,171
35Indiana345,781224,48364.9133,10738.5-16,754
36Michigan344,369219,10863.6173,33350.3-33,958
37Montana78,52849,87863.523,44129.9-3,525
38South Dakota68,62542,58362.129,33942.8-4,927
39Vermont28,82817,65661.29,63033.4-18,820
40New Jersey392,587233,44659.5334,00085.1-201,792
41Wyoming33,80518,73255.410,25530.3-35
42Rhode Island48,17226,45954.943,80490.9-35,412
43Wisconsin288,051155,90654.1173,62060.3-52,723
44Idaho188,49197,50751.791,04048.3-7,767
45Colorado522,557260,50949.9245,19946.9-466
46New Hampshire58,65828,80549.124,55641.9-46,235
47Nevada255,892124,14448.5126,41849.4-4,864
48Minnesota300,322138,57446.1185,26361.7-41,512
49North Dakota71,60132,98046.139,12354.6-7,413
50Utah328,099117,91635.9197,04960.1-818
West Virginia5,86159,032n/m-25,450n/m-14,739
United States19,496,00315,457,10879.36,212,39931.9-2,857,616

Ranked by electric share of net new homes. Values above 100 mean electric-heated homes grew by more than all occupied homes because other fuels lost homes; negative gas values mean gas-heated homes fell. n/m: West Virginia's net change (5,861) is smaller than its margin of error (8,713), so the ratio is not meaningful.

Source: [1][8] U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau

The electric share has not moved since 2023, and gas has gained back ground

The long rise in electric heat paused in the latest three releases. The US electric share was 41.7% in 2023 and 41.8% in 2025, a change of +0.07 points against a margin of error of 0.10. The gas share rose from 46.0% to 46.9% (ACS 2025 1-year, table B25040).

US homes by main heating fuel, 2010 to 2025

Percent of occupied homes; 2020 not released

US homes by main heating fuel, 2010 to 2025Line chart from 2010 to 2025. Gas falls from 49.5% to a low of 46.0% in 2023 and recovers to 46.9% in 2025. Electricity rises from 35.4% to 41.7% in 2023 and stays at 41.8% in 2025. Fuel oil falls from 6.5% to 3.4%.010.020.030.040.050.060.0%20102012201420162018202120232025Utility gasElectricityPropaneFuel oil

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 1-year estimates 2010 to 2025, table B25040. HVAC Business Brokers Research Desk.

The pace was already slowing before the pause. The electric share gained an average of 0.45 points a year from 2010 to 2019 and 0.39 points a year from 2019 to 2025.

Four fast-growing states drove part of the reversal. From 2019 to 2025 the electric share fell significantly in Florida (-2.8 points), Nevada (-3.0), South Carolina (-1.3) and Texas (-1.2), and the gas share rose in each.

US occupied homes by main heating fuel, 2010 to 2025 Download CSV
YearOccupied homesUtility gas %Electricity %Propane %Fuel oil %Wood %No fuel %Electric-heated homesGas-heated homes
2010114,567,41949.535.45.06.52.10.940,579,09856,691,073
2011114,991,72549.036.34.96.22.10.941,760,08656,376,942
2012115,969,54048.836.94.85.92.10.942,846,02356,539,016
2013116,291,03348.337.44.85.52.11.143,485,98156,211,490
2014117,259,42748.537.44.85.32.11.243,894,01056,910,483
2015118,208,25048.238.24.75.12.01.245,102,52956,982,568
2016118,860,06548.138.74.74.81.91.146,043,08457,123,238
2017120,062,81848.039.04.74.71.81.146,773,13857,687,289
2018121,520,18047.839.24.84.61.71.147,664,82858,107,898
2019122,802,85247.839.54.84.41.61.148,468,86058,702,794
2021127,544,73046.541.05.04.11.41.252,279,17459,246,257
2022129,870,92846.241.35.03.91.41.353,675,01560,016,650
2023131,332,36046.041.75.03.71.31.254,807,57760,379,751
2024132,737,14646.641.84.73.51.31.255,481,47661,887,114
2025134,063,42246.941.84.63.41.31.256,036,20662,903,472

2020 omitted: Census did not release standard 2020 ACS 1-year estimates. 2024 estimates use revised population controls; 2025 collection was interrupted for six weeks.

Source: [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][11] U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau

Electric share rose in 49 of 51 jurisdictions from 2010; Florida went the other way

Across 2010 to 2025 the national electric share rose 6.4 points to 41.8% and the gas share fell 2.6 points to 46.9% (ACS 2025 1-year, table B25040; ACS 2010).

US main heating fuel shares, 2010 and 2025

Percent of occupied homes

US main heating fuel shares, 2010 and 2025Slope chart 2010 to 2025: utility gas 49.5% to 46.9%, electricity 35.4% to 41.8%, fuel oil 6.5% to 3.4%, propane 5.0% to 4.6%, wood 2.1% to 1.3%.20102025Utility gas 49.546.9 Utility gasElectricity 35.441.8 ElectricityFuel oil 6.53.4 Fuel oilPropane 54.6 PropaneWood 2.11.3 Wood

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 1-year 2010 and 2025, table B25040. HVAC Business Brokers Research Desk.

The District of Columbia moved furthest: electric heat went from 29.8% to 51.5% of homes and gas from 64.4% to 45.2%, so DC and West Virginia are the two places where electricity replaced gas as the leading fuel. Hawaii (+11.1 points) and New Mexico (+9.8) were next.

Florida is the only state where the electric share fell significantly, from 92.3% to 89.4%. North Dakota's change is inside the margin of error. In 13 states the gas share rose, mostly in the Northeast, where gas replaced oil.

Connecticut is the third state whose leading fuel changed: fuel oil led in 2010 at 47.9%, and by 2025 gas led at 36.2% against oil at 34.5%.

Electric and gas heating share by state, 2010, 2019 and 2025 Download CSV
Show all 52 rows
Rank (electric gain)StateElectric % 2010Electric % 2019Electric % 2025Electric change 2010 to 2025, pp (MOE)Significant at 90%Electric change 2019 to 2025, ppGas % 2010Gas % 2025Gas change, ppFuel oil change, pp
1District of Columbia29.844.251.5+21.7 (+/- 2.4)yes+7.364.445.2-19.2-2.9
2Hawaii31.533.742.7+11.1 (+/- 1.7)yes+8.92.03.7+1.70.0
3New Mexico14.522.624.3+9.8 (+/- 1.1)yes+1.668.161.9-6.20.0
4Maine5.18.413.4+8.3 (+/- 1.0)yes+5.04.29.5+5.3-20.4
5New York9.412.217.6+8.2 (+/- 0.3)yes+5.355.059.9+4.9-14.9
6North Carolina58.164.366.1+8.0 (+/- 0.7)yes+1.824.925.1+0.2-3.9
7Alabama59.666.467.5+7.9 (+/- 0.8)yes+1.130.926.3-4.6-0.1
8Delaware30.335.138.2+7.9 (+/- 1.8)yes+3.140.242.0+1.9-10.0
9Oklahoma33.339.541.0+7.8 (+/- 0.8)yes+1.555.851.0-4.8+0.1
10Arkansas45.350.652.9+7.6 (+/- 1.1)yes+2.341.137.4-3.7-0.1
11West Virginia40.845.048.4+7.6 (+/- 1.4)yes+3.342.839.1-3.7-2.0
12Massachusetts13.616.921.1+7.5 (+/- 0.6)yes+4.149.051.6+2.6-11.9
13Washington53.156.360.6+7.5 (+/- 0.7)yes+4.335.432.4-3.1-1.9
14Kansas20.225.527.4+7.2 (+/- 1.0)yes+2.069.363.4-5.9+0.1
15Montana19.826.226.9+7.1 (+/- 1.5)yes+0.8 (n.s.)55.751.5-4.2-1.0
16Virginia50.656.257.7+7.1 (+/- 0.6)yes+1.634.332.8-1.5-4.3
17Missouri32.637.139.6+7.0 (+/- 0.7)yes+2.452.649.1-3.5-0.2
18Utah10.214.817.2+7.0 (+/- 0.9)yes+2.485.478.5-6.9-0.1
19Colorado17.923.624.6+6.7 (+/- 0.7)yes+1.073.968.2-5.70.0
20Iowa18.023.724.5+6.5 (+/- 0.8)yes+0.8 (n.s.)64.460.7-3.7-0.4
21Nebraska25.230.631.8+6.5 (+/- 1.0)yes+1.263.458.8-4.6-0.6
22Pennsylvania20.223.926.7+6.5 (+/- 0.5)yes+2.851.351.7+0.4-7.6
23Georgia51.155.657.3+6.2 (+/- 0.6)yes+1.741.338.0-3.3-0.2
24Oregon48.852.455.0+6.2 (+/- 0.9)yes+2.538.236.6-1.6-2.4
25South Dakota26.832.533.0+6.2 (+/- 2.0)yes+0.5 (n.s.)48.847.7-1.1-1.8
26California24.526.630.2+5.7 (+/- 0.3)yes+3.666.861.1-5.8-0.1
27Ohio20.524.726.2+5.7 (+/- 0.5)yes+1.568.064.4-3.6-1.5
28Kentucky49.652.755.2+5.6 (+/- 0.9)yes+2.538.935.2-3.8-0.5
29Vermont5.36.411.0+5.6 (+/- 1.2)yes+4.616.117.8+1.7-11.4
30New Jersey10.813.616.2+5.4 (+/- 0.5)yes+2.573.975.1+1.2-7.0
31Connecticut15.017.320.1+5.2 (+/- 0.8)yes+2.931.536.2+4.7-13.4
32Alaska10.412.115.4+5.0 (+/- 1.6)yes+3.347.949.2+1.3-6.7
33Maryland39.142.244.1+5.0 (+/- 0.9)yes+1.944.644.4-0.1-5.8
34Idaho31.834.436.7+4.9 (+/- 1.3)yes+2.352.251.3-1.0-1.6
35Rhode Island8.910.313.8+4.9 (+/- 1.4)yes+3.549.153.6+4.5-11.9
36Wyoming19.122.823.9+4.8 (+/- 2.2)yes+1.2 (n.s.)63.959.5-4.4-0.1
37Indiana26.729.731.4+4.7 (+/- 0.7)yes+1.661.858.9-2.9-0.7
38Michigan7.510.212.1+4.7 (+/- 0.4)yes+1.977.675.4-2.3-1.0
39Mississippi52.258.057.0+4.7 (+/- 1.2)yes-1.1 (n.s.)32.131.3-0.9-0.1
40Tennessee58.562.563.2+4.7 (+/- 0.7)yes+0.7 (n.s.)33.931.3-2.6-0.4
41Illinois14.017.018.5+4.6 (+/- 0.4)yes+1.580.375.8-4.6-0.2
42Wisconsin14.116.118.6+4.5 (+/- 0.6)yes+2.565.364.7-0.6-2.5
43Louisiana59.164.063.4+4.3 (+/- 0.9)yes-0.6 (n.s.)37.233.2-4.00.0
44New Hampshire8.19.912.3+4.2 (+/- 1.1)yes+2.419.621.8+2.3-13.1
45Nevada29.136.133.1+4.0 (+/- 1.1)yes-3.064.561.4-3.1-0.6
46Minnesota14.917.318.8+3.9 (+/- 0.6)yes+1.567.266.5-0.7-2.1
47Texas57.161.159.9+2.8 (+/- 0.4)yes-1.237.936.1-1.90.0
48Arizona58.260.560.8+2.6 (+/- 0.8)yes+0.3 (n.s.)35.433.5-1.90.0
49North Dakota37.441.339.1+1.8 (+/- 2.3)no-2.1 (n.s.)40.243.1+2.9-3.0
50South Carolina68.670.969.6+1.0 (+/- 0.8)yes-1.323.525.3+1.8-1.4
51Florida92.392.189.4-2.9 (+/- 0.3)yes-2.84.66.2+1.6-0.1
United States35.439.541.8+6.4 (+/- 0.1)yes+2.349.546.9-2.6-3.1

Ranked by the 2010 to 2025 change in electric share. Significance uses the Census difference test at 90% confidence; n.s. marks a 2019 to 2025 change inside the margin of error. pp = percentage points.

Source: [1][6][8][15] U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau

Maine still heats 50.0% of its homes with oil, and northern New England leans on propane

Fuel oil is now a regional fuel. It heats 3.4% of US homes, but 50.0% in Maine, 36.4% in Vermont, 36.2% in New Hampshire and 34.5% in Connecticut (ACS 2025 1-year, table B25040).

Share of homes heated mainly with fuel oil, top 12 states, 2025

Percent of occupied homes; fuel oil includes kerosene

Share of homes heated mainly with fuel oil, top 12 states, 2025Bar chart: Maine 50.0%, Vermont 36.4%, New Hampshire 36.2%, Connecticut 34.5%, Alaska 26.7%, Rhode Island 25.8%, Massachusetts 20.3%, New York 13.8%, Pennsylvania 12.5%.% fuel oilMaine50.0Vermont36.4New Hampshire36.2Connecticut34.5Alaska26.7Rhode Island25.8Massachusetts20.3New York13.8Pennsylvania12.5Delaware7.3Maryland5.5New Jersey5.4

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 2025 1-year, table B25040. HVAC Business Brokers Research Desk.

Oil is shrinking fast. US fuel-oil-heated homes fell from 7,389,599 in 2010 to 4,531,983 in 2025, a 38.7% drop, and the number of oil-heated homes fell significantly in 40 jurisdictions. New York lost 979,540 oil-heated homes, 34.3% of the national decline.

Propane fills the gap where pipelines do not reach (EIA). It heats 21.9% of homes in New Hampshire, 20.6% in Vermont and 15.5% in Maine, and in those three states the propane share rose since 2010 as oil fell. Wood heats 12.1% of Vermont homes.

EIA counts a similar but not identical group: about 4.79 million households used heating oil as their primary fuel in winter 2023 to 2024, 82% of them in the Northeast (EIA). The ACS category is broader because it includes kerosene. For winter 2026 to 2027 EIA forecasts a 21% rise in heating oil household spending (EIA Winter Fuels Outlook, October 6, 2026).

Oil boiler and fuel oil tank in an old house basement
Illustrative photograph. Generated image, not a specific project.
Fuel oil and propane dependence: the 15 states with the highest combined share, 2025 Download CSV
RankStateFuel oil + propane % 2025Fuel oil % 2025 (MOE)Fuel-oil homes 2025Fuel oil % 2010Change in fuel-oil homes 2010 to 2025Propane % 2025 (MOE)Wood % 2025
1Maine65.450.0 (+/- 1.0)310,19170.4-73,83015.5 (+/- 0.8)9.1
2New Hampshire58.136.2 (+/- 1.0)207,53749.2-46,23521.9 (+/- 0.9)5.6
3Vermont57.036.4 (+/- 1.6)104,01247.8-18,82020.6 (+/- 1.2)12.1
4Connecticut40.934.5 (+/- 0.7)502,89047.9-147,7316.4 (+/- 0.4)1.1
5Rhode Island30.325.8 (+/- 1.3)116,43537.7-35,4124.5 (+/- 0.7)1.1
6Alaska29.226.7 (+/- 1.0)74,47133.4-10,4922.5 (+/- 0.5)4.3
7Massachusetts24.620.3 (+/- 0.4)573,28632.1-236,9804.3 (+/- 0.2)1.0
8New York18.513.8 (+/- 0.2)1,088,46428.7-979,5404.7 (+/- 0.1)1.2
9Pennsylvania17.712.5 (+/- 0.2)677,98920.1-315,8435.2 (+/- 0.2)2.0
10Delaware17.57.3 (+/- 0.8)30,90217.4-26,17110.2 (+/- 0.9)0.7
11South Dakota16.31.1 (+/- 0.2)4,1782.9-4,92715.3 (+/- 0.8)0.9
12North Dakota14.81.5 (+/- 0.2)5,1194.5-7,41313.4 (+/- 0.6)0.3
13Montana13.50.7 (+/- 0.2)3,1301.7-3,52512.9 (+/- 0.7)6.2
14Wisconsin12.81.1 (+/- 0.1)29,1853.6-52,72311.7 (+/- 0.3)2.6
15Iowa12.10.4 (+/- 0.1)5,0260.8-4,48411.8 (+/- 0.4)1.1
United States8.03.4 (+/- 0.0)4,531,9836.5-2,857,6164.6 (+/- 0.0)1.3

Fuel oil includes kerosene. Margin of error at 90% confidence in parentheses.

Source: [1][8] U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau

Fuel oil plus propane heat 40.9% to 65.4% of homes in Connecticut, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. For an HVAC company there, oil burner service and conversions to heat pumps or gas sit on a large installed base that is shrinking every year.

The South added 53.6% of new electric-heated homes; the Northeast traded oil for gas and electric

Where the homes were built decides most of the national trend. The South gained 9,920,134 occupied homes from 2010 to 2025 and 8,292,553 electric-heated homes (sum of state estimates, ACS 2025 1-year, table B25040).

In the South, electricity heated 64.2% of homes in 2025. The Northeast started from 12.8% in 2010 and reached 19.7%, with 86.3% of its net new homes heated by electricity, the highest of the four regions.

The Midwest remains gas country at 65.4% of homes. The West sits between, with electricity at 37.1% and gas at 53.6%.

Census regions: electric heat share and where the new electric-heated homes are, 2010 to 2025 Download CSV
Census regionElectric % 2010Electric % 2025Gas % 2025Fuel oil % 2025Net new occupied homes 2010 to 2025Added electric-heated homesElectric share of net new homes %Share of US electric gain %
Northeast12.819.754.916.42,149,8041,856,30786.312.0
Midwest18.323.665.40.72,830,9632,039,08672.013.2
South59.764.229.40.89,920,1348,292,55383.653.6
West30.937.153.60.64,595,1023,269,16271.121.1

Regional values are sums of state estimates. Share of US electric gain uses the US-file total as denominator.

Source: [1][8] U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau

Electricity here means heat pumps and baseboards alike, and only the main fuel counts

The ACS asks one question: which fuel is used most to heat the home (2025 ACS Subject Definitions). The answer describes the fuel, not the equipment.

House heating fuel (ACS): The type of fuel used most to heat an occupied house, apartment or mobile home, asked in housing question 15 of the 2025 ACS. Categories are utility gas, bottled or tank gas, electricity, fuel oil and kerosene, coal or coke, wood, solar energy, other fuel and no fuel used. The question has not changed since 1996 (Census).

Electricity covers air-source and ground-source heat pumps, electric furnaces, baseboard heaters and space heaters together. This report cannot split them. Heat pump shipments and the heat pump share of homes are covered in our heat pump sales report.

Electric air handler and ductwork in a utility closet
Illustrative photograph. Generated image, not a specific project.

A home that burns gas in a furnace but runs a heat pump for shoulder seasons is counted under whichever fuel the household says it uses most. Backup and secondary heat do not appear in this table.

What the fuel mix tells an HVAC owner about the work in a territory

Fuel shares are a slow-moving map of the installed base, and the installed base sets the mix of repair, replacement and conversion work a company sees.

  • Electric-majority states (16 plus DC in 2025) run on heat pumps, air handlers and strip heat; gas furnace work is a minority line there.
  • Gas-heated homes grew in 47 of 51 jurisdictions from 2010 to 2025, so the installed base of gas furnaces and boilers did not shrink in absolute terms in most of the gas belt.
  • In the oil states, the oil base fell 38.7% nationally since 2010; conversions are where the remaining oil customers go.
  • Year-to-year moves of a few tenths of a point sit near the margin of error; plan on multi-year changes, not one release.

Momentum and share analysis

Electric share of net new occupied US homes, 2010 to 2025 (signature)

Formula(electric-heated homes 2025 - electric-heated homes 2010) / (occupied homes 2025 - occupied homes 2010) x 100

Inputs: fact sheet rows for US 2010 and 2025, B25040 lines 1 and 4 (derived_metrics id US_elec_share_net_new) (fact sheet rows)

Result: 15,457,108 / 19,496,003 = 79.3%

About four of every five net new occupied homes since 2010 heat mainly with electricity.

Limitations: Net change mixes new construction, conversions and households switching fuel; ACS cannot separate them. Counts depend on housing controls that Census revised in 2024.

Electric and gas share of net new homes by state, ranked

Formulasame as d1 per state; MOE of each change = sqrt(MOE_2010^2 + MOE_2025^2); ratio not reported when |net change| <= its MOE

Inputs: fact sheet state rows 2010 and 2025, lines 1, 2 and 4 (fact sheet rows)

Result: Highest (meaningful): Hawaii 132.9%; lowest: Utah 35.9%; 13 states plus DC at or above 100%

Above 100% means electricity gained by taking homes from other fuels, not only from growth.

Limitations: Small states carry wide margins; West Virginia's net change is inside its margin of error.

Has the electric shift stalled? US share change, 2023 to 2025

Formulashare_2025 - share_2023; MOE of each share per Census proportion formula; significant if |difference| > sqrt(MOE1^2 + MOE2^2)

Inputs: fact sheet US rows 2023 and 2025 (fact sheet rows)

Result: Electric +0.07 pp (MOE 0.10, not significant); gas +0.95 pp (MOE 0.13, significant)

Pace slowed from 0.45 points a year (2010 to 2019) to 0.39 (2019 to 2025), then flattened.

Limitations: 2024 population controls and the 2025 collection lapse may affect the latest two years.

Decline of oil heat and New York's share of it

Formula(oil_2025 - oil_2010) / oil_2010 x 100; NY oil change / US oil change x 100

Inputs: fact sheet rows US and NY 2010 and 2025, line 5 (fact sheet rows)

Result: US -38.7%; New York 34.3% of the decline

One state supplied a third of the national exit from oil heat.

Limitations: Fuel oil category includes kerosene.

Regional share of the US electric gain

Formulasum of state electric changes in region / US electric change x 100

Inputs: state rows 2010 and 2025, line 4 (fact sheet rows)

Result: South 53.6%, West 21.1%, Midwest 13.2%, Northeast 12.0%

Population growth in the South explains most of the national shift.

Limitations: Sum of state estimates against the US-file total; no regional MOE computed.

Leading fuel by state, 2010 vs 2025

Formulafuel with the largest B25040 count in each state

Inputs: state rows 2010 and 2025 (fact sheet rows)

Result: Gas 31 to 30 states; electricity 15 to 16 states (plus DC in 2025); oil 4 to 3

Three changes: Connecticut oil to gas, West Virginia and DC gas to electricity.

Limitations: Maryland's gas and electric shares are within the margin of error of each other.

Download the calculations (CSV)

Findings to track

  1. Utility gas was the most common US home heating fuel in 2025 at 46.9% of 134,063,422 occupied homes; electricity was second at 41.8% (ACS 2025 1-year).[1]
  2. Electric-heated homes rose by 15,457,108 from 2010 to 2025, equal to 79.3% of the 19,496,003 net new occupied homes (our calculation from ACS).[1][8]
  3. Gas-heated homes rose by 6,212,399 from 2010 to 2025, equal to 31.9% of net new homes, even as the gas share fell from 49.5% to 46.9% (ACS).[1][8]
  4. Florida had the highest electric heat share in 2025 at 89.4%, and it is the only state where that share fell significantly from 2010 (92.3%) (ACS).[1][8]
  5. Vermont had the lowest electric heat share in 2025 at 11.0% (margin of error 1.0 points), followed by Michigan at 12.1% (ACS 2025).[1]
  6. Utah had the highest gas heat share in 2025 at 78.5%, ahead of Illinois at 75.8% and Michigan at 75.4% (ACS 2025).[1]
  7. The electric share rose significantly from 2010 to 2025 in 49 of 51 jurisdictions; the District of Columbia moved most, from 29.8% to 51.5% (ACS).[1][8]
  8. Texas added 1,960,694 electric-heated homes from 2010 to 2025, the most of any state; Texas and Florida together account for 24.6% of the US gain (ACS).[1][8]
  9. In 13 states plus DC, electric-heated homes grew by more than the total number of occupied homes from 2010 to 2025, because oil, propane or gas homes declined (ACS).[1][8]
  10. Utah had the lowest electric share of net new homes, 35.9%, from 2010 to 2025; gas took 60.1% (ACS).[1][8]
  11. Fuel-oil-heated US homes fell -38.7% from 2010 to 2025, from 7,389,599 to 4,531,983 (ACS).[1][8]
  12. New York lost 979,540 oil-heated homes from 2010 to 2025, while gas-heated homes rose by 753,298 and electric-heated homes by 704,673 (ACS).[1][8]
  13. The South accounted for 53.6% of the US gain in electric-heated homes from 2010 to 2025 (sum of state ACS estimates).[1][8]
  14. The US electric share moved +0.07 points from 2023 to 2025 (margin 0.10, not significant) while gas rose 0.95 points (margin 0.13) (ACS).[1][3]

Questions people ask

What is the most common home heating fuel in the US?

Utility gas. It was the main heating fuel in 46.9% of occupied US homes in 2025, against 41.8% for electricity, 4.6% for propane and 3.4% for fuel oil (ACS 2025 1-year, table B25040).

Which states use the most heating oil?

Maine, with 50.0% of homes heated mainly with fuel oil in 2025, then Vermont (36.4%), New Hampshire (36.2%) and Connecticut (34.5%). By number of homes, New York leads with 1,088,464 (ACS 2025).

Which states heat with electricity?

Electricity is the leading heating fuel in 16 states plus DC in 2025, led by Florida (89.4%), South Carolina (69.6%), Alabama (67.5%) and North Carolina (66.1%) (ACS 2025).

Are more homes switching from gas to electric heat?

Electric heat gained share from 2010 to 2025 (35.4% to 41.8%), mostly through new homes in the South, not by gas homes switching. Gas-heated homes still rose by 6.2 million, and from 2023 to 2025 the gas share rose while the electric share held flat (ACS).

Download the data

Every table in this report is available as a CSV under CC BY 4.0. The fact sheet lists each value with its source URL and access date.

For journalists and researchers

If you cite only a few, cite these

  1. Electricity is the main heating fuel in 79.3% of the net new occupied US homes counted between 2010 and 2025 (HVAC Business Brokers Research Desk analysis of Census ACS data).[1][8]
  2. Utility gas heated 46.9% of occupied US homes in 2025 and electricity 41.8% (Census ACS 2025 1-year).[1]
  3. Fuel-oil-heated US homes fell 38.7% from 2010 to 2025, to 4,531,983 (Census ACS).[1][8]

Most quotable statistics

  • Electricity is the main heating fuel in 79.3% of the net new occupied US homes counted between 2010 and 2025 (HVAC Business Brokers Research Desk analysis of Census ACS data).[1][8]
  • Utility gas heated 46.9% of occupied US homes in 2025 and electricity 41.8% (Census ACS 2025 1-year).[1]
  • Fuel-oil-heated US homes fell 38.7% from 2010 to 2025, to 4,531,983 (Census ACS).[1][8]
  • Maine heats 50.0% of its homes mainly with fuel oil, the highest share of any state in 2025 (Census ACS).[1]
  • Florida heats 89.4% of its homes mainly with electricity, yet it is the only state where the electric share fell significantly since 2010 (Census ACS).[1][8]
  • From 2023 to 2025 the US gas heating share rose 0.95 points while the electric share held at 41.8% (Census ACS 1-year).[1][3]

Press summary

Electricity is the main heating fuel in 79.3% of the 19.5 million net new occupied US homes counted between 2010 and 2025, according to an HVAC Business Brokers Research Desk analysis of Census Bureau American Community Survey data released October 29, 2026. Utility gas still heats the most homes, 46.9% in 2025 against 41.8% for electricity, and from 2023 to 2025 the gas share rose while the electric share held flat. Fuel oil fell 38.7% to 4.5 million homes, with Maine still heating 50.0% of homes that way. State rankings show electricity leading in 16 states plus DC, gas in 30 and oil in 3. Texas added the most electric-heated homes, 1,960,694, and the South accounted for 53.6% of the national gain. Census notes that the 2025 survey lost six weeks of data collection, so the latest year carries wider margins of error. Electricity in the survey covers heat pumps and resistance heat alike. All state tables, margins of error and CSV files are free to reuse under CC BY 4.0.

Suggested headlines

  • Electricity heats 79.3% of the homes America added since 2010
  • Gas still heats 46.9% of US homes, and its share rose again in 2025
  • Maine still heats 50.0% of homes with oil as the US oil base falls 38.7%
  • The shift to electric heat stalled at 41.8% after 2023, Census data show
  • Florida is the one state where electric heat lost ground since 2010

How to cite this report

HVAC Business Brokers. (2026). Home Heating Fuel by State: How US Homes Heat, and Where Electricity Took Over (2010 to 2025). Retrieved from https://sell-my-hvac-business.com/research/home-heating-fuel-by-state/

Reuse license

Data and tables are licensed CC BY 4.0. Attribution: “Source: HVAC Business Brokers, Home Heating Fuel by State: How US Homes Heat, and Where Electricity Took Over (2010 to 2025)” with a link to this page.

Frequently asked questions

What share of US homes heat with natural gas?

46.9% of occupied US homes, 62,903,472, used utility gas as their main heating fuel in 2025 (ACS 2025 1-year). That is down from 49.5% in 2010.

What share of US homes heat with electricity?

41.8% in 2025, or 56,036,206 homes, up from 35.4% in 2010 (ACS).

Which state has the highest share of electric heat?

Florida, at 89.4% of occupied homes in 2025 (margin of error 0.2 points) (ACS).

Which state relies most on natural gas for heat?

Utah, where 78.5% of homes heat mainly with utility gas, followed by Illinois at 75.8% (ACS 2025).

How many US homes still heat with oil?

4,531,983 occupied homes in 2025 used fuel oil or kerosene as their main heating fuel, 3.4% of the total, down from 7,389,599 in 2010 (ACS).

Which states use the most propane for heat?

New Hampshire (21.9%), Vermont (20.6%), Maine (15.5%) and South Dakota (15.3%) had the highest propane shares in 2025 (ACS).

Does 'electricity' in Census data mean heat pumps?

No. The ACS records the fuel, so electricity covers heat pumps, electric furnaces and baseboard or space heaters together (2025 ACS Subject Definitions).

Why is there no 2020 figure?

Census did not release standard 2020 ACS 1-year estimates because the pandemic cut responses to about two-thirds of the usual number (Census press release CB21-123, July 29, 2021).

How many net new US homes heat with electricity since 2010?

15,457,108 of the 19,496,003 net new occupied homes from 2010 to 2025, or 79.3% (our calculation from ACS).

Is the shift to electric heat speeding up?

No. The electric share rose 0.45 points a year from 2010 to 2019 and 0.39 a year from 2019 to 2025, and was flat from 2023 (41.7%) to 2025 (41.8%) (ACS).

Related guides, services and research

Reproduce this analysis

Every figure comes from the files below. The scripts that pulled and computed them are kept with the report and can be re-run.

DatasetPublisherSourceQuery or filterRows usedRetrieved
ACS 1-year Summary File (table-based), B25040U.S. Census BureauFile or endpointacsdt1y{2021..2025}-b25040.dat; GEO_ID 0100000US and 0400000US01 to 0400000US56; columns B25040_E001 to E010 and M001 to M0105 years x 51 jurisdictions + US = 260 records (Puerto Rico dropped)2026-11-02
ACS 1-year Summary File (sequence-based), B25040U.S. Census BureauFile or endpoint2010 seq 0147 start 25; 2015 seq 0140 start 98; 2019 seq 0149 start 98; state record = SUMLEVEL 040 COMPONENT 00 in g{year}1{st}.csv; e and m files3 years x 51 jurisdictions + US = 156 records2026-11-02
ACS 1-year Summary Files 2011 to 2018, United States file, B25040U.S. Census BureauFile or endpointSUMLEVEL 010 COMPONENT 00; sequence and start position from each year's lookup file7 US records2026-11-02
EIA Winter Fuels Outlook and Today in EnergyU.S. Energy Information AdministrationFile or endpointContext figures only (heating oil expenditure forecast; rounded ACS shares)3 context values2026-11-02

Data quality and exclusions

  • Checked that the nine fuel categories sum exactly to the total in all 423 records used; 0 failures.
  • Dropped Puerto Rico from the 2021 to 2025 table-based files: 5 records.
  • Dropped all non-state geographies from the table-based files (for 2025, 4,377 rows in the file, 52 kept).
  • Skipped 2020 (standard 1-year estimates not released): 1 year missing from the series.
  • Marked West Virginia's share-of-net-new ratios as not meaningful: its net change in occupied homes (5,861) is smaller than its margin of error (8,713).
  • Proportion margins used the Census ratio fallback where the proportion formula's radicand was negative.

Methodology

Selection: the only source for state counts is the Census Bureau's American Community Survey 1-year estimates, table B25040 (House Heating Fuel), universe occupied housing units. We used the official summary files on www2.census.gov because the Census API now requires a key. 2021 to 2025 come from the table-based summary files; 2010, 2015 and 2019 state values come from each state's sequence-based summary file; 2011 to 2014 and 2016 to 2018 use the United States file only.

Inclusion and exclusion: 50 states and the District of Columbia are ranked together as 51 jurisdictions. Puerto Rico is excluded because it is surveyed under a separate instrument. 2020 is omitted because Census did not release standard 1-year estimates for that year.

Conflicts: EIA's October 2025 article rounds the 2024 gas share to 47% and the October 2026 Winter Fuels Outlook rounds it to 46%; the unrounded ACS figure is 46.6%, which explains both. EIA's 4.79 million heating-oil households (winter 2023 to 2024) differs from the ACS fuel-oil count because EIA's category is distillate only and its timing differs. We report ACS figures as the primary series and EIA only as context.

Derived metrics: shares are category counts over total occupied homes. Margins of error for shares use the Census proportion formula from the 2025 Worked Examples; margins for differences are the square root of the summed squared margins; significance uses |Z| > 1.645 (90 percent). Every formula and input row is in derived_metrics.csv; scripts/fetch_acs.py, compute.py and build.py reproduce every number.

Limitations: these are survey estimates with sampling and nonsampling error. Census warns that 2024 population controls and the 2025 collection lapse can move year-to-year estimates. Counts of homes depend on housing controls; shares are steadier. Electricity does not distinguish heat pumps from resistance heat.

Last updated 2026-11-02. Next update after the 2026 ACS 1-year release. Published by the HVAC Business Brokers Research Desk (sell my HVAC business). Not financial or legal advice.

This report presents published data with its limitations. It is not legal, financial or investment advice.

Sources, ranked by quality

Tier 1: primary and official sources (22)