id,name,formula,input_rows,result,unit,limitations
d1,National HVAC completions per 100 projected annual openings (signature),100 x HVAC awards 2022-23 (50 states + DC) / US average annual openings 2024 to 2034,"rows 32, 30",70.0,awards per 100 openings,Awards are not people; openings include jobs filled without a credential
d2,Same ratio with provisional 2023-24 awards,100 x awards 2023-24 / US openings 2024 to 2034,"rows 35, 30",79.0,awards per 100 openings,Provisional data
d3,Ratio using CIP 47.0201 only,100 x CIP 47.0201 awards 2022-23 / US openings,"rows 33, 30",52.9,awards per 100 openings,Narrow definition
d4,Annual openings not matched by an HVAC award,US openings 2024 to 2034 minus HVAC awards 2022-23,"rows 30, 32","12,050",openings per year,Not a count of vacant jobs; many openings are filled by on-the-job trainees and apprentices
d5,Jurisdictions with fewer than 100 completions per 100 openings,count of 51 where state ratio < 100 (2022-23 awards),state rows (table t2),43,of 51 jurisdictions,Small states swing on one school
d6,Jurisdictions under 50 completions per 100 openings,count of 51 where state ratio < 50,state rows (table t2),25,of 51 jurisdictions,
d7,Jurisdictions under 100 using provisional 2023-24 awards,count of 51 where ratio24 < 100,state rows (table t2),40,of 51 jurisdictions,Provisional
d8,"HVAC technicians per 10,000 occupied homes, US","10,000 x OEWS employment May 2025 / ACS 2025 occupied units","rows 1, 50",30.6,"technicians per 10,000 homes",Many technicians serve commercial buildings; OEWS excludes self-employed
d9,"Nominal change in HVAC median wage, May 2015 to May 2025","61,010 / 45,110 - 1","rows 2, 57",35.2,percent,OEWS is not designed as a time series
d10,"CPI-U change, May 2015 to May 2025",321.465 / 237.805 - 1,"rows 53, 55",35.2,percent,
d11,"Real (CPI-adjusted) change in HVAC median wage, May 2015 to May 2025","(61,010 / 45,110) / (321.465 / 237.805) - 1","rows 2, 57, 53, 55",0.0,percent,Median of a changing workforce; OEWS methodology changed in 2021
d12,"Nominal change in HVAC median wage, May 2022 to May 2025","61,010 / 51,390 - 1","rows 2, 58",18.7,percent,
d13,"CPI-U change, May 2022 to May 2025",321.465 / 292.296 - 1,"rows 54, 55",10.0,percent,
d14,"Real change in HVAC median wage, May 2022 to May 2025","(61,010 / 51,390) / (321.465 / 292.296) - 1","rows 2, 58, 54, 55",7.9,percent,
d15,"Nominal change in all-occupations median wage, May 2015 to May 2025","50,980 / 36,200 - 1","rows 7, 59",40.8,percent,
d16,"Real change in all-occupations median wage, May 2015 to May 2025","(50,980 / 36,200) / (321.465 / 237.805) - 1","rows 7, 59, 53, 55",4.2,percent,
d17,"Change in OEWS HVAC employment, May 2015 to May 2025","409,670 / 274,680 - 1","rows 1, 56",49.1,percent,Wage and salary jobs only
d18,Share of annual openings that replace workers who leave,(12.3 + 23.4) / 40.6,"rows 15, 17, 14",87.9,percent,Components rounded by BLS
d19,Annual openings from employment growth,48.2 thousand / 10 years,row 11,4.82,thousand per year,Simple average
d20,Annual openings as a share of 2025 employment,40.6 / 440.9,"rows 14, 9",9.2,percent,
d21,Gap between EP employment and OEWS employment,"440,900 - 409,670","rows 9, 1","31,230",jobs,Reflects self-employed and source differences; periods differ slightly
d22,Sum of 51 state annual openings minus US openings (2024 to 2034),"sum of state openings - 40,100","state rows, row 30","2,630",openings per year,"Sum of states = 42,730; state methods count interstate moves differently"
d23,Share of 2022-23 HVAC awards that are certificates under one year,(levels 20 + 21) / all levels,"rows 38, 32",38.3,percent,
d24,Share of 2022-23 HVAC awards that are associate degrees,level 3 / all levels,"rows 40, 32",9.7,percent,
d25,"Change in HVAC awards, 2018-19 to 2023-24 (all IPEDS institutions)","32,648 / 26,347 - 1","rows 44, 49",23.9,percent,Latest year provisional; includes territories
d26,Labor force exits as a share of annual openings,12.3 / 40.6,"rows 15, 14",30.3,percent,
d27,State completions per 100 openings (each state),100 x state awards 2022-23 / state annual openings 2024 to 2034,state rows; table t2,see tables/t2_completions_per_100_openings.csv,awards per 100 openings,Online schools credit awards to their home state
d28,"State technicians per 10,000 occupied homes","10,000 x state OEWS employment / state occupied units",state rows; table t3,see tables/t3_technicians_per_10000_homes.csv,"per 10,000 homes",
d29,Price-adjusted median wage,"state median wage / (state RPP 2024 / 100), rounded to $10",state rows; table t4,see tables/t4_wage_adjusted_for_prices.csv,USD (US-average prices),RPP year 2024 vs wage year 2025
d30,Composite tightness index,"mean of four percentile scores (0 to 100, 100 = tightest): pipeline (lower completions per 100 openings), density (fewer technicians per 10,000 homes), growth (higher projected % change 2024 to 2034), pay (higher price-adjusted median wage)",state rows; table t5,see tables/t5_tightness_index.csv,index 0 to 100,"Equal weights are a choice; ranks, not magnitudes"