id,name,formula,input_rows,result,unit,limitations
d1,"Cost structure per $100 of receipts, NAICS 238220, 2022",each Census cost item / RCPTOT x 100,"1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12",materials 31.4748; subcontracts 7.1254; fuel_power_land 2.2894; payroll 26.9991; benefits 7.928; rent 1.5596; depreciation 1.459; other_opex 5.9104; value_added 59.1104; va_minus_payroll 32.1113; va_minus_labor 24.1833; residual 15.2543; labor_total 34.93; purchased_inputs 40.8896,$ per $100 of receipts,Shares of total receipts; costs Census does not itemize sit inside the residual
d2,"Value added minus payroll as a share of receipts (gross-margin proxy), 2022",(VALADD - PAYANN) / RCPTOT x 100,"7, 8, 1",32.1113,percent,Before benefits and overhead; not comparable to a P&L gross margin line
d3,"Census operating residual, NAICS 238220, 2022 (signature)",(VALADD - PAYANN - BENEFIT - RPTOT - DPRTOT - PCHTT) / RCPTOT x 100,"1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12",15.2543,percent,"Before income taxes, interest and any cost the Census form does not itemize; not net profit"
d4,"Cost structure and operating residual, NAICS 238220, 2017",same formulas as d1 to d3 on 2017 data,"15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26",materials 32.3992; subcontracts 7.6832; fuel_power_land 2.1853; payroll 29.2028; benefits 9.2524; rent 1.3274; depreciation 1.3282; other_opex 7.8656; value_added 57.7322; va_minus_payroll 28.5295; va_minus_labor 19.2771; residual 8.7559; labor_total 38.46; purchased_inputs 42.2678,percent,2017 NAICS; nominal
d5,"Change in cost shares 2017 to 2022, NAICS 238220","share2022 - share2017, percentage points","15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12",materials -0.92; subcontracts -0.56; fuel_power_land 0.1; payroll -2.2; benefits -1.32; rent 0.23; depreciation 0.13; other_opex -1.96; value_added 1.38; va_minus_payroll 3.58; va_minus_labor 4.91; residual 6.5; labor_total -3.53; purchased_inputs -1.38,percentage points,Two census years only
d6,"Operating residual for peer construction industries, 2022","same formula as d3, per NAICS code","rows 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 plus the matching Census cost fields in raw/",238220 15.2543; 238210 17.0004; 238290 24.2348; 238160 19.5726; 238 17.3435; 23 15.2581,percent,Industry mixes differ; roofing and electrical are shown only as reference points
d7,"Operating residual by state, NAICS 238220, 2022 (signature)","same formula as d3, per state row","Census EC2223BASIC state rows (GEOTYPE 02), all 51 unflagged; see tables/t5_state_residual.csv",median 14.42; highest GA 22.9808; lowest ND 7.2069; states counted 51,percent,"Establishment location, not job location; state mixes of plumbing versus HVAC differ"
d8,"Kind-of-business mix inside NAICS 238220, 2022",KOB receipts / total 238220 receipts x 100,"36, 37, 40, 39, 38, 41, 42",HVAC contractor 40.9053; Plumbing contractor 25.2269; Mechanical contractor 18.2671; Building sprinkler system contractor 3.8385; Refrigeration contractor 2.6451; Steam and pipe fitting contractor 1.5736; HVAC + mechanical + refrigeration 61.8175,percent,Shows the mix only; Census does not publish costs by kind of business
d9,"Payroll as a share of receipts by employment size of firm, 238220, 2022",PAYANN / RCPTOT x 100 per size class,"43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50",less than 5 employees 24.2987; 5 to 9 employees 25.6727; 10 to 19 employees 27.4176; 20 to 49 employees 27.1011; 50 to 99 employees 26.8666; 100 to 249 employees 27.0676; 250 to 499 employees 28.5989; 500 employees or more 28.2011,percent,"Owners of unincorporated firms are not on payroll, which lowers the share for the smallest firms"
d10,"Payroll as a share of receipts by revenue size of firm, 238220, 2022",PAYANN / RCPTOT x 100,"51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60","less than $100,000 32.6257; of $100,000 to $249,999 33.138; of $250,000 to $499,999 33.5246; of $500,000 to $999,999 29.0682; of $1,000,000 to $2,499,999 28.2526; of $2,500,000 to $4,999,999 28.3453; of $5,000,000 to $9,999,999 27.8109; of $10,000,000 to $24,999,999 26.2848; of $25,000,000 to $99,999,999 24.979; of $100,000,000 or more 26.9031",percent,Same owner-pay caveat as d9
d11,"Receipts per firm and payroll share by legal form, 238220, 2022",RCPTOT / FIRM; PAYANN / RCPTOT x 100; FIRM / all 238220 firms x 100,"61, 62, 63, 64, 13","C-corporations and other corporate legal forms of organization: {'firms': 15843, 'rcp_per_firm_k': 4749.0, 'pay_share': 28.1691, 'firm_share': 14.1344}; S-corporations: {'firms': 73389, 'rcp_per_firm_k': 2547.3, 'pay_share': 26.8158, 'firm_share': 65.4744}; Individual proprietorships: {'firms': 15078, 'rcp_per_firm_k': 761.7, 'pay_share': 25.5008, 'firm_share': 13.4519}; Partnerships: {'firms': 7887, 'rcp_per_firm_k': 3035.2, 'pay_share': 25.4711, 'firm_share': 7.0364}",$ thousand; percent,Employer firms only
d12,"Net margin by entity type (IRS SOI, Tax Year 2023)",net income less deficit / receipts x 100 (corporations: total receipts; sole props and partnerships: business receipts); owner-pay add-back = (net income + officers compensation or guaranteed payments) / receipts,"65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93",co_net_margin 6.8681; co_net_plus_officers 10.2007; co_cogs_share 63.6637; co_gross_margin 36.34; co_officers_share 3.3326; co_wages_share 8.7605; co_interest_share 0.3637; co_share_profitable 72.8721; co_officer_pay_per_return 98256; co_rcpt_per_return_m 2.95; el_net_margin 6.4661; sc_net_margin 8.039; sc_net_plus_officers 11.1591; sp_net_margin 15.7056; sp_rcpt_per_return 102220; sp_ni_per_return 16054; sp_ni_per_profitable 24276; sp_wages_share 4.9306; sp_contract_share 12.8908; pa_net_margin 5.8659; pa_net_plus_guaranteed 6.4287,percent or $,"Industry codes differ by entity type: corporations 238220, S corporations and sole proprietorships 238, partnerships 23"
d13,"Public-company gross and operating margins, FY2025",gross profit / revenue x 100; operating income / revenue x 100,"94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102","Comfort Systems USA, mechanical segment GM 23.5609 OM 14.9764; Comfort Systems USA, consolidated GM 24.1264 OM 14.4434; EMCOR Group, U.S. mechanical construction and facilities services segment GM n/a OM 12.8406; EMCOR Group, U.S. building services segment GM n/a OM 5.9954; EMCOR Group, consolidated GM 19.3271 OM 10.087; Limbach Holdings, Owner Direct Relationships segment GM 26.7405 OM n/a; Limbach Holdings, General Contractor Relationships segment GM 24.4783 OM n/a; Limbach Holdings, consolidated GM 26.177 OM 7.6459; IES Holdings, Residential segment (fiscal year ended 2025-09-30) GM 25.794 OM 7.9573",percent,Large commercial and industrial contractors; segment operating income excludes corporate overhead
d14,"Average receipts per 238220 employer firm, 2022, and size gap to one public segment",RCPTOT / FIRM; Comfort Systems mechanical revenue / average firm receipts,"1, 13, 94",average firm 2.66 $ million; ratio 2514,$ million; times,Different years (2022 vs FY2025) and nominal dollars
d15,Margin ladder: from value added to net income,"see each rung; Census rungs from d1 to d3, IRS rungs from d12","d1, d2, d3, d12","Value added (receipts minus materials, subcontracts, fuel) 59.11; Value added minus payroll (gross-margin proxy) 32.11; Value added minus payroll and benefits 24.18; Operating residual after all Census-itemized costs 15.25; Gross margin on business receipts (1 minus cost of goods sold) 36.34; Net income plus officers' compensation 10.20; Net income (less deficit) 6.87",percent,"Census (2022, establishments) and IRS (TY2023, tax returns) measure different things and years"
d16,"Nominal growth 2017 to 2022, NAICS 238220",(value2022 / value2017 - 1) x 100,"15, 1, 22, 8, 16, 2",RCPTOT 44.3244; PAYANN 33.4337; CSTMPRT 40.2063; BENEFIT 23.6663; PCHTT 8.4474,percent,Nominal dollars; not inflation-adjusted
d17,"Share of full-year 238220 firms with fewer than 5 and fewer than 20 employees, 2022",firms in class / firms operated entire year x 100,"109, 43, 44, 45",under 5: 54.5093; under 20: 88.8309,percent,Employer firms only