State,Status,Citation,Year enacted,Confidence,Population 2025
Alabama,preemption,Enrolled HB 446 (2021); enrolled SB 50 (2024),2021,interpretation needed,"5,193,088"
Alaska,neither,not found,,not found,"737,270"
Arizona,preemption,"A.R.S. 9-810; A.R.S. 11-867 (plus 9-467, 11-321)",2020,clear text,"7,623,818"
Arkansas,preemption,Ark. Code 14-1-104,2021,clear text,"3,114,791"
California,neither,not found,,not found,"39,355,309"
Colorado,neither,not found,,not found,"6,012,561"
Connecticut,neither,not found,,not found,"3,688,496"
Delaware,neither,not found,,not found,"1,059,952"
District of Columbia,neither,not found,,not found,"693,645"
Florida,preemption,Fla. Stat. 366.032,2021,clear text,"23,462,518"
Georgia,preemption,O.C.G.A. 46-1-6,2021,interpretation needed,"11,302,748"
Hawaii,neither,not found,,not found,"1,432,820"
Idaho,preemption,Idaho Code 50-346,2023,clear text,"2,029,733"
Illinois,neither,not found,,not found,"12,719,141"
Indiana,preemption,Not confirmed (official text could not be opened),2021,interpretation needed,"6,973,333"
Iowa,preemption,Iowa Code 364.3(13),2021,clear text,"3,238,387"
Kansas,preemption,K.S.A. 66-1288 (Kansas energy choice act),2021,clear text,"2,977,220"
Kentucky,preemption,KRS 65.113,2021,clear text,"4,606,864"
Louisiana,preemption,La. R.S. 40:1730.21.1,2020,clear text,"4,618,189"
Maine,preemption,30-A M.R.S. 3015,2025,clear text,"1,414,874"
Maryland,neither,not found,,not found,"6,265,347"
Massachusetts,neither,not found,,not found,"7,154,084"
Michigan,neither,not found,,not found,"10,127,884"
Minnesota,neither,not found,,not found,"5,830,405"
Mississippi,preemption,"Miss. Laws 2021, HB 632 (codified section not identified)",2021,clear text,"2,954,160"
Missouri,preemption,RSMo 67.309,2021,clear text,"6,270,541"
Montana,preemption,MCA 7-1-117,2023,clear text,"1,144,694"
Nebraska,preemption,Neb. Rev. Stat. 13-407,2024,clear text,"2,018,006"
Nevada,neither,not found,,not found,"3,282,188"
New Hampshire,preemption,RSA 155-A:3,2022,interpretation needed,"1,415,342"
New Jersey,neither,not found,,not found,"9,548,215"
New Mexico,neither,not found,,not found,"2,125,498"
New York,all-electric,N.Y. Energy Law 11-104(6) to (8); Exec. Law 378,2023,interpretation needed,"20,002,427"
North Carolina,preemption,G.S. 153A-145.11 (counties); parallel city section,2023,clear text,"11,197,968"
North Dakota,preemption,New sections in N.D.C.C. ch. 11-10 and ch. 40-01,2023,clear text,"799,358"
Ohio,preemption,Ohio Rev. Code 4933.41(C),2021,clear text,"11,900,510"
Oklahoma,preemption,11 O.S. 14-107(E),2020,clear text,"4,123,288"
Oregon,neither,not found,,not found,"4,273,586"
Pennsylvania,neither,not found,,not found,"13,059,432"
Rhode Island,neither,not found,,not found,"1,114,521"
South Carolina,neither,not found,,not found,"5,570,274"
South Dakota,preemption,SDCL 6-1-24,2023,clear text,"935,094"
Tennessee,preemption,Tenn. Code Ann. 7-51-2201 to 7-51-2203,2022,clear text,"7,315,076"
Texas,preemption,Tex. Util. Code 181.903,2021,clear text,"31,709,821"
Utah,preemption,Utah Code 10-9a-530; 17-27a-526 (as enacted),2021,clear text,"3,538,904"
Vermont,neither,not found,,not found,"644,663"
Virginia,neither,not found,,not found,"8,880,107"
Washington,neither,not found,,not found,"8,001,020"
West Virginia,preemption,W. Va. Code 8-12-23,2021,clear text,"1,766,147"
Wisconsin,neither,not found,,not found,"5,972,787"
Wyoming,preemption,W.S. 15-1-132; W.S. 18-2-116,2021,clear text,"588,753"