State,Code,Status,Law,Citation,Year enacted,What it covers,Names appliances or heating systems,Official text URL,Date checked,Confidence,Note,Population 2025 (Census V2025)
Alabama,AL,preemption,HB 446 (2021 Reg. Sess.); SB 50 (2024 Reg. Sess.),Enrolled HB 446 (2021); enrolled SB 50 (2024),2021,Use of utility services (2021); acquiring or using appliances by energy type (2024); governmental entities,yes,https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/files/pdf/SearchableInstruments/2024RS/SB50-enr.pdf,2026-11-02,interpretation needed,Enrolled texts opened; act numbers and Code sections not confirmed on an official page (SB 50 reported as Act 2024-72),5193088
Alaska,AK,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,737270
Arizona,AZ,preemption,"Laws 2020, ch. 3 (HB 2686)","A.R.S. 9-810; A.R.S. 11-867 (plus 9-467, 11-321)",2020,Utility service incl. natural gas and propane; cities and counties,no,https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/54leg/2R/laws/0003.htm,2026-11-02,clear text,Approved by the Governor 2020-02-21,7623818
Arkansas,AR,preemption,Act 308 of 2021 (SB 137),Ark. Code 14-1-104,2021,Discrimination by energy source of a utility service,no,https://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/Home/FTPDocument?path=%2FACTS%2F2021R%2FPublic%2FACT308.pdf,2026-11-02,clear text,Approved 2021-03-09,3114791
California,CA,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,No statewide all-electric law. Bay Area Air District Rule 9-4 sets a zero-NOx standard for furnaces made after 2029-01-01; South Coast AQMD rejected zero-emission furnace and water heater rules on 2025-06-06; CARB statewide standard not yet proposed to its Board,39355309
Colorado,CO,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,6012561
Connecticut,CT,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,3688496
Delaware,DE,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,1059952
District of Columbia,DC,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,District law on net-zero building codes not verified for this edition,693645
Florida,FL,preemption,"ch. 2021-150, Laws of Fla.",Fla. Stat. 366.032,2021,Types or fuel sources of energy used by utilities and LP gas dealers; local governments,no,https://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0300-0399/0366/Sections/0366.032.html,2026-11-02,clear text,Amended several times through ch. 2025-42,23462518
Georgia,GA,preemption,"Act 254 (HB 150), 2021",O.C.G.A. 46-1-6,2021,Utility connection and fuel sales by type or source of energy; governmental entities,no,https://www.legis.ga.gov/api/document/docs/default-source/general-statutes/summary-of-2021-general-statutes.pdf?sfvrsn=b13b38dc_8,2026-11-02,interpretation needed,Coded from the Office of Legislative Counsel summary; statute text not opened (Georgia code is hosted by a private publisher). Effective 2021-05-06,11302748
Hawaii,HI,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,1432820
Idaho,ID,preemption,2023 Idaho Sess. Laws ch. 55 (HB 106),Idaho Code 50-346,2023,"Connection, source or mandated type of electricity, natural gas, propane; all local government entities",no,https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/title50/t50ch3/sect50-346/,2026-11-02,clear text,Read from an Internet Archive copy,2029733
Illinois,IL,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,12719141
Indiana,IN,preemption,"HEA 1191 (2021), reported as P.L. 180-2021",Not confirmed (official text could not be opened),2021,Utility service by energy source; county executives and city or town legislative bodies (per bill digest),no,https://iga.in.gov/legislative/2021/bills/house/1191,2026-11-02,interpretation needed,iga.in.gov serves pages only through JavaScript; enactment taken from a bill tracker (Tier 3),6973333
Iowa,IA,preemption,2021 Iowa Acts (HF 555 vehicle),Iowa Code 364.3(13),2021,Natural gas and propane service; cities,no,https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/364.3.pdf,2026-11-02,clear text,Rule text clear; exact 2021 Acts chapter not isolated,3238387
Kansas,KS,preemption,"L. 2021, ch. 26 (SB 24)",K.S.A. 66-1288 (Kansas energy choice act),2021,Retail natural gas or propane; any municipality,no,https://www.kslegislature.gov/b2023_24/laws/066_000_0000_chapter/066_012_0000_article/066_012_0088_section/066_012_0088_k/,2026-11-02,clear text,,2977220
Kentucky,KY,preemption,2021 Ky. Acts ch. 120 (HB 207),KRS 65.113,2021,Utility service by energy source; local governments,no,https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=51275,2026-11-02,clear text,Effective 2021-06-29,4606864
Louisiana,LA,preemption,Act 46 of 2020 (SB 492),La. R.S. 40:1730.21.1,2020,Natural gas utility service; parishes and municipalities,no,https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1187451,2026-11-02,clear text,Effective 2020-08-01 per bill record,4618189
Maine,ME,preemption,"P.L. 2025, ch. 456 (LD 556)",30-A M.R.S. 3015,2025,Heating or energy system of an individual's choice and choice of energy distributor; municipalities,yes,https://legislature.maine.gov/legis/bills/getPDF.asp?paper=SP0218&item=2&snum=132,2026-11-02,clear text,Approved by Governor 2025-07-01,1414874
Maryland,MD,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,Montgomery County Bill 13-22 requires all-electric new construction by 2026-12-31; upheld by a federal district court on 2026-03-25 (Tier 3 report),6265347
Massachusetts,MA,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,"State law (St. 2022, c. 179, s. 84) lets up to 10 municipalities require fossil-fuel-free new construction under DOER's demonstration program; no statewide requirement",7154084
Michigan,MI,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,10127884
Minnesota,MN,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,5830405
Mississippi,MS,preemption,"HB 632 (2021), All Fuels Act of 2021","Miss. Laws 2021, HB 632 (codified section not identified)",2021,"Expansion, connection or reconnection of service by type or source of energy; political subdivisions",no,https://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2021/html/HB/0600-0699/HB0632SG.htm,2026-11-02,clear text,Approved by Governor 2021-03-17,2954160
Missouri,MO,preemption,L. 2021 H.B. 734 merged with S.B. 44,RSMo 67.309,2021,Utility connection or reconnection by energy source; any political subdivision,no,https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=67.309,2026-11-02,clear text,Effective 2021-08-28,6270541
Montana,MT,preemption,"Ch. 435, L. 2023",MCA 7-1-117,2023,"Connection or reconnection of electric, natural gas, propane or other energy service; local governments",no,https://archive.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0070/chapter_0010/part_0010/section_0170/0070-0010-0010-0170.html,2026-11-02,clear text,,1144694
Nebraska,NE,preemption,"Laws 2024, LB 867, sec. 12",Neb. Rev. Stat. 13-407,2024,Types or fuel sources of energy supplied by gas utilities and propane retailers; all political subdivisions,no,https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=13-407,2026-11-02,clear text,Read from an Internet Archive copy,2018006
Nevada,NV,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,3282188
New Hampshire,NH,preemption,2022 N.H. Laws 242:1 and 311:6 (per source note),RSA 155-A:3,2022,"Installing a heating or other energy system, or hiring an energy provider, of the owner's choice; all local bodies",yes,https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/XII/155-A/155-A-3.htm,2026-11-02,interpretation needed,Source note lists two 2022 acts; we did not isolate which added the paragraph,1415342
New Jersey,NJ,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,"U.S. Department of Justice sued Morris Township on 2026-03-31 over its ban on gas, propane and fuel oil in certain new construction",9548215
New Mexico,NM,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,2125498
New York,NY,all-electric,"All-Electric Buildings Act (FY2024 budget, 2023)",N.Y. Energy Law 11-104(6) to (8); Exec. Law 378,2023,"Bars fossil-fuel equipment in new buildings of 7 stories or less (except commercial or industrial over 100,000 sq ft) on or after 2025-12-31, and in all new buildings after 2028-12-31",yes,https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/ENG/11-104,2026-11-02,interpretation needed,Upheld by the Second Circuit 2026-06-30; rehearing denied 2026-08-26; enforcement suspended by stipulation until 120 days after the decision (2026-10-28) unless a certiorari petition is filed. No petition found in a Supreme Court docket search on 2026-11-02; reactivation notice not found,20002427
North Carolina,NC,preemption,S.L. 2023-58 (HB 130),G.S. 153A-145.11 (counties); parallel city section,2023,"Energy service by type or source, and sale or installation of cooking, space-heating and water-heating appliances; counties and cities",yes,https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_153A/GS_153A-145.11.html,2026-11-02,clear text,Read from an Internet Archive copy,11197968
North Dakota,ND,preemption,HB 1234 (2023),New sections in N.D.C.C. ch. 11-10 and ch. 40-01,2023,"Connection or reconnection of electric, natural gas, propane or other energy utility service; political subdivisions",no,https://ndlegis.gov/assembly/68-2023/regular/bill-overview/bo1234.html,2026-11-02,clear text,Governor signed; filed with Secretary of State 03/16,799358
Ohio,OH,preemption,"HB 201, 134th General Assembly",Ohio Rev. Code 4933.41(C),2021,"Natural gas and propane service; townships, counties, municipal corporations",no,https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-4933.41,2026-11-02,clear text,Effective 2021-09-30; code page read from an Internet Archive copy,11900510
Oklahoma,OK,preemption,"Laws 2020, c. 52",11 O.S. 14-107(E),2020,Building codes may not restrict utility connections or discriminate by source of utility service,no,https://www.oklegislature.gov/OK_Statutes/CompleteTitles/os11.pdf,2026-11-02,clear text,Effective 2020-11-01,4123288
Oregon,OR,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,4273586
Pennsylvania,PA,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,13059432
Rhode Island,RI,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,1114521
South Carolina,SC,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,5570274
South Dakota,SD,preemption,"SL 2023, ch. 20",SDCL 6-1-24,2023,"Natural gas, propane or other fuel gas service as a class; local governmental units",no,https://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/6-1-24,2026-11-02,clear text,,935094
Tennessee,TN,preemption,"Pub. Ch. 1100 (SB 2077), 2022",Tenn. Code Ann. 7-51-2201 to 7-51-2203,2022,Types or sources of energy used or supplied by electric and gas utilities; political subdivisions,no,https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/112/pub/pc1100.pdf,2026-11-02,clear text,"Passed 2022-04-27; read from an Internet Archive copy. Earlier 2020 law reported by trade press, not verified",7315076
Texas,TX,preemption,"HB 17, 87th Leg. (2021)",Tex. Util. Code 181.903,2021,Utility connections and infrastructure by type or source of energy; regulatory and planning authorities and political subdivisions,no,https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/87R/billtext/html/HB00017F.htm,2026-11-02,clear text,"Signed by the Governor 2021-05-18, effective immediately",31709821
Utah,UT,preemption,"Laws of Utah 2021, ch. 15 (HB 17)",Utah Code 10-9a-530; 17-27a-526 (as enacted),2021,Connection or reconnection of an energy utility service; municipalities and counties,no,https://le.utah.gov/~2021/bills/static/HB0017.html,2026-11-02,clear text,Governor signed 2021-02-25; sections may have been renumbered in a later recodification,3538904
Vermont,VT,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,644663
Virginia,VA,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,8880107
Washington,WA,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,Initiative 2066 (2024) would have barred local and state gas restrictions; struck down as unconstitutional in its entirety by the Washington Supreme Court on 2026-09-17 (No. 104240-0). State energy code favors heat pumps but is not coded as an all-electric law,8001020
West Virginia,WV,preemption,HB 2842 (2021),W. Va. Code 8-12-23,2021,"Utility service by energy source; municipalities, political subdivisions, local governing bodies",no,https://code.wvlegislature.gov/8-12-23/,2026-11-02,clear text,Code page read from an Internet Archive copy; enrolled bill also saved,1766147
Wisconsin,WI,neither,No statewide all-electric law and no preemption statute found,not found,,,,,2026-11-02,not found,See excluded.md for what was searched,5972787
Wyoming,WY,preemption,"Enrolled Act 70 (SF 152), 2021",W.S. 15-1-132; W.S. 18-2-116,2021,"Connection or reconnection of electric, natural gas, propane or other energy utility service; cities, towns, counties",no,https://wyoleg.gov/2021/Enroll/SF0152.pdf,2026-11-02,clear text,,588753